What Is Computer Architecture Essay Example For Students

Use Of Symbolism In The Catcher In The Rye and The Great Gatsby Essay

Utilization Of Symbolism In â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye† and â€Å"The Great Gatsby† There are numerous essayists like James Joyce, Patrick Kananach and Thomas Moore who use imagery to pass on and bolster circuitous importance in their compositions. J.D. Salinger and F. Scott Fitzgerald both use imagery in comparable manners. In both â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye† and â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, the creators utilized imagery to pass on feelings and reality.      In â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye†, J.D. Salinger utilizes Holden’s red chasing top, the displays at the Museum of Natural History and â€Å"kings in the back row† as images whose implications help recount to the story. Holden’s red chasing cap represents Holden’s objection to grown-up society and fakes. In spite of the fact that, Holden and his cap are strange in New York, he adores this cap since it exhibits his distinction and freedom from different children his age. He turns out to be increasingly more connected to his cap since he feels like a catcher in the rye when he wears the cap. Holden can't relinquish his cap, similar to he can't relinquish his adolescence. The Museum of Natural History is utilized to mean Holden’s dread of progress. Holden appreciates taking a gander at the mummies and the shows at the exhibition hall since they never show signs of change and are solidified in time. Holden understands that he changes each time he returns and sees the displays, yet the shows don't change. He wishes that his youth world would keep going forever like his shows. Salinger additionally utilizes the setting of New York City as an image. Despite the fact that H...

Tobacco Impact on Our Health

Tobacco Impact on Our Health Tobacco Effect on Our Health Dec 20, 2018 in Healthcare How does Tobacco Affect Our Health? From the ancient times, people have domesticated many plants. It has brought them a great variety of benefits. For example, grain has become an essential part of everyday nutrition, as it is the main ingredient of bread and other bakeries. Nevertheless, people have been acquainted not only with useful plants but also with harmful ones. Among them, tobacco occupies the leading position. It has a devastating effect on human health. For example, it is estimated that between 1964 and 2004, this plant through smoking was the cause of 12 million victims in the U.S., including 5,5 million fatal outcomes from cardiovascular diseases, 4,1 million deaths from cancer, and 1,1 million deaths from respiratory illnesses (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). In addition, tobacco affects not only physiological well-being but also psychological one, making a person addicted to the harmful substances. Moreover, the life of dearest and nearest is also under the threat because of it. One can prove i t by the fact that almost 94,000 babies die every year because mothers smoked during pregnancy. Therefore, tobacco destroys the life of a person from all possible perspectives, namely physiological, psychological, and a social one. Tobacco Effect on the Physiological Well-Being Tobacco has a great negative impact on the cardiovascular system. Firstly, it doubles the risk of stroke. The main reason for it is the ability of tobacco to increase the blood pressure, making, in such a way, the heart work harder. Secondly, the consumption of tobacco leads to the development of coronary heart disease. It occurs because tobacco contributes to the creation of a build-up of plaque within the arteries and the reduction of the oxygen supply. Thirdly, tobacco use is the most significant risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. The reason for it is the reduction, under the influence of tobacco, cardiovascular drug therapies as well as the increase of the demand for oxygen. Finally, tobacco closely relates to the development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. There is a clear relation between the duration of the smoking habit (years) and this disease (Bullen, 2008). It is possible to prove all these arguments by the research, revealing the rate of mortality. According to it, in 2010, 1, 62 million people died because of the negative effect of tobacco on a cardiovascular system (Bullen, 2008).

Medical Law and Ethics - 1693 Words

Marisela Perez Ms. Tan Due Thursday, November 28th, 2010 1. Explain patient-physician contract A physician has the right, after forming a contract or agreeing to accept a patient under his or her care, to make reasonable limitation on the contractual relationship. The physician is under no legal obligation to treat patients who may wish to exceed those limitations. Under the patient-physician contract, both parties have certain rights and responsibilities. 2. Patient right and responsibilities Patients have the right to choose a physician; although some managed care plans may limit choices. Patients also have the right to terminate a physician’s services if they wish. 3. Patient responsibilities Patients are also part of the†¦show more content†¦11. When did HIPAA became a law? What are the goals of HIPAA? On August 21, 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The primary goal of the act are to improve the portability and continuity of health-care coverage in group and individual markets; to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health-care insurance and health-care delivery; to promote the use of medical savings account; to improve access to long-term care services and coverage; and to simplify the administration of health insurance. 12. State three purpose of HIPAA -Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health-care delivery by creating a national framework for health privacy protection that builds on efforts by states, health systems, and individual organizations and individuals. -Protect and enhance the rights of patients by providing them access to their health information and controlling the inappropriate use or disclosure of that information. -Improve the quality of health care by restoring trust in the health-care system among consumers, health-care professionals, and the multitude of organizations and individuals committed to the delivery of care. 13. What is HIPAA privacy rule? The HIPAA Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information provide the comprehensive federal protection for the privacy of health information. The privacy rule isShow MoreRelatedAbortion (Medical Law and Ethics818 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Medical Law and Ethics Project Ethical Question: Should abortion be abolished? Is abortion murder? Should rape be considered a reason for a young woman to get an abortion? Ethical Scenario 1: A beautiful 20 year old female having the time of her life, maybe going crazy having unprotected sex while whoever and not caring or even thinking of her consequences. A few weeks go by and the female ends up pregnant and automatically she decides to have an abortion because she dont know the fatherRead MoreMedical Law and Ethics Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesowed? Nonpatients (pg.94) 4. If a custodian sues an employing physician for ordering her to lift a heavy bookcase that injures her back, is the issue of liability standard of care or duty of care? Duty of Care 5. What is the basis for most medical malpractice claims? High damage awards in tort cases have led to a malpractice insurance crisis for physicians. 6. A patient falls on a hospitals slippery tile floor and injures herself. Assuming that patient safety procedures were lax, whatRead MoreEthics in Medicine : the Relationship Between Law and Medical Ethics:1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe essay will discuss the ETHICS IN MEDICINE : The Relationship Between Law and Medical Ethics: Dispute and Legal Issues: A 32 year old woman was admitted to the Trauma Intensive Care Unit following a motor vehicle accident; she had multiple injuries and fractures, with several complications which continued to develop over the first couple of weeks. The patient rapidly developed Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, was on a ventilator, and was continuously sedated. Shortly after the patientsRead MoreMedical Laws and Ethics Record Management1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthis document to your computer. 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The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today may be compromised or not appropriately addressed (Littleton et al., 2010). Identify Codes of Ethics Applicable in My Professional Practice I am aRead MoreThe Ethics And Laws Of Healthcare1234 Words   |  5 Pagesa way that is ethical, legal, and commendable. Medical professionals struggle with healthcare dilemmas that are not experienced by the general public. Medical-ethical decisions have become increasingly complicated with the advancement of medical science and technology. (Fremgen) Just like the government has laws for citizens, not having laws in healthcare would allow people to do anything they want. It is important that we study the ethics and laws of healthcare, because if we were put in a situationRead MoreNegligence Wrongful Death Suit1747 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry is booming and people will always need to be cared for at hospitals, doctor’s offices, and etc. Healthcare professionals must be careful and focused on everything they are doing with their patients. They must keep track of patients’ charts and medical procedures. If something goes wrong with the patients’ medication, su rgery, or treatment and causes an unfortunate death of the patient then the patients’ family can sue the employer for a wrongful death suit. What is the difference between subpoenaRead MoreChapter 1 Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 Review 1. List three areas where health care practitioners can gain insight through studying law and ethics. The three areas are the rights, responsibilities, and concerns of health care con summers. The legal and ethical issues facing society, patients, and health care practitioners as the world changes. The impact of rising cost on the laws and ethics of healthcare delivery. 2. Define summary judgment. Summary judgment is the legal term for a decision made by court in

Marketing Concepts And Practice Assignment - 1889 Words

Marketing Concepts and Practice Assignment 3 Mahfam Khalilian Marymount University As the article mentioned Louise Vuitton (LV) is one of the most famous and recognizable brands in the world. Louis Vuitton opened up his first store in 1854 in Paris and sold handmade excellent value trunks and luggage (Kotler Keller, 2012). However, the label is more famous for its LV monogram, which is presented on all the recognizable leather items, purses, shoes, watches, jewelries, sunglasses and accessories. Louis Vuitton is one of the highest ranked luxury brands in the world. Today Louis Vuitton â€Å"holds a brand value of $26 billion according to Forbes and is ranked the 17th most powerful brand according to Interbrand† (Kotler Keller, 2012). However, the question is â€Å"How does an exclusive brand such as LV grow and stay fresh while retaining its cachet?† In order to answer to this question we need to understand the marketing strategies of Louis Vuitton that makes it an outstanding brand among top luxury brands. Louis Vuitton is one of the high luxury brands. LV mostly targets the upper class high society population as customers who are a very price insensitive to the price of products. Customers of this segment typically emphasis on the appeal of the product and customize design. In addition, they are very concern about the quality of the product. Louis Vuitton has already established a unique brand image in the customers’ mindsets over the years. AccordingShow MoreRelatedNike Markeing1333 Words   |  6 PagesProgramme: Business Management Module 1: Marketing Assignment [pic] Date for Submission: 15th September 2010 To achieve a pass in this unit the learner must: LO1: Investigate the concept and process of marketing LO2: Explore the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning LO3: Identify and analyse the individual elements of the extended marketing mix LO4: Apply the extended marketing mix to different marketing segments and contexts Context TheRead MoreMarketing1124 Words   |  5 PagesBUSINESS SCHOOL DIVISION OF MARKETING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP MODULE: MKTM026 International Marketing Communications 2013 ------------------------------------------------- Module Code | Level | Credit Value | Leader | MKTM026 | M | 20 | Dr Kathleen MortimerKathleen.mortimer@northampton.ac.uk | Resit Assignment Brief Date set w/c 11/02/2013 ------------------------------------------------- Hand-in date 28th March 2013 Title International Marketing Communications Plan Objectives Read MoreRole Internet Marketing1165 Words   |  5 PagesUnit Unit 12 Internet Marketing in Business Assignment Title Marketing Online Issue Date Monday 10th March Hand In Date Friday 30th May Students Name Class Lecturer Neil Gow Assessment Criteria achieved P1 M1 D1 P2 M2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Learning Outcomes 1. 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This assignment will be looking at the marketing theory and marketing concepts which are portrayed in the traditional marketing literature, and how they have limited application in guiding small business marketing practice. Marketing plays a vital role not only in developing, producing, and selling products or services, but also in guiding recruiting labors and raising capital. Although it can be said that successful entrepreneurs undertake marketing in unusual ways. TheyRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Healthcare Provider Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The objective of this assignment was to determine if direct impart of marketing for a healthcare provider chosen. Then outline a strategy for the health care provider selected to determine the utilization of its products or services. In addition to that, the author will need to outline a marketing strategy for the health care provider chosen and recommend at least three (3) ways the health care provider could shape the buying decisions of its customers. Lastly, the author would haveRead MoreAcorn Industries1536 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization with a single product line had strong technical capabilities, and a compelling marketing division whose core philosophy heavily relied on the importance of Voice of the customer, market research and competitive benchmarking, which was used in creating and submitting contract proposals. During the 1990’s, most companies such as Apple, Nike, McDonalds etc. were substantially dependent on the marketing departments that emphasized on fac e to face meetings with the customers, and employees pushingRead MoreMarketing Week 1 Assignment Essays638 Words   |  3 PagesStrayer University Marketing 100003016*201004 Principles of Marketing Professor Jane Storm Week 1 Assignment: Assurance of Learning Review 1) The four types of utility are: Form, Time, Place, Ownership a) Form would be a dinner at the Red Lobster b) Time would be getting a haircut at the base barber shop c) Place would be an ATM machine inside the local grocery store d) Ownership would be shopping at the outlet mall 2) The marketplace condition after World War II that gave rise toRead MoreContemporary Issue947 Words   |  4 Pages | | |management with reference to appropriate| | | | | |academic theories and concepts | | | | | | | | | | Read Morepest analysis of uk retail banks1128 Words   |  5 Pages To develop skills to analyze and evaluate, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the performance of people responsible for strategic decisions To bridge the gap between theory and practice by developing an understanding of when and how to apply the concepts and techniques learned in earlier courses in marketing, accounting, finance, management,  production and information systems To develop a better understanding of the present and This is a 3 credit hour course, comprising 3 hours of teaching

You Are the Judge Rio Salado free essay sample

When people lose their job, it wreaks havoc on their lives. If a person is fired without reason or unfairly, they are likely to seek compensation. If a person hasnt signed a contract or is fired, with exception to a few points in the employment at will doctrine, there is not much they can do about it. The law is on the side of the businesses in most cases of at-will employment. In the case of Elaine, she was fired without notice or reason for termination. Elaine had been promised career opportunities and given a salary, but no contract was signed. Elaines employer hired a new person for Elaines position who had less education and experience. Elaine believes she was fired unfairly and is suing to get her job back. I believe Elaine may have a strong case because of the person who was hired for her position. We will write a custom essay sample on You Are the Judge Rio Salado or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Elaine was fired without good reason or notice. The employer then replaced Elaine with a male employee with less job experience and less education. Elaine has a good chance of getting her job back by suing her employer for sex descrimination. Her successor was inferior to Elaine in a few key areas and that may prove the employer fired her due to descrimination. There are some exceptions where employees cannot be fired even if they are at-will employees. One exception is a statutory exception. A statutory exception says an employer cant fire an employee that is a member of a labor union if their firing is in violation of labor laws or collective bargaining agreements. Another exception is an implied-in-fact contract. An implied-in-fact says that if the company states in a handbook, on a bulletin board or other means that an employee cannot be fired if they perform their job properly. A public policy exception states that an employee cannot be fired if it violates public policy. An employee cannot be fired for serving in jury duty, or refusing to break a law. Another exception is a tort exception. A tort exception says an employee can sue an employer for fraud, intentional infliction of emotional stress or defamation of character. Elaine was working for an at-will employer and was fired without reason. The employer didnt defame her character, break any contracts or any laws prohibiting them from letting her go. Elaine doesnt believe her discharge was fair and is fighting to get her job back. I believe she has a good chance of getting her job back because she may have been a victim of sex discrimination.

Spinozas Life Essay Example For Students

Spinozas Life Essay SPINOZASpinoza was born into a Jewish family in 1632 during the Spanish Inquisition. His parents fled Spain after heavy persecution by the Catholics to convert. When Spinoza was just 12 years old he began to question his teachings of Judaism being the best religion. A few years later he was ex-communicated by his synagogue for questioning those beliefs. He believed that the Bible was not to be used in a literal sense, but to be interpreted metaphorically. His religious philosophy was that religion should be based on conduct and not creed. He felt that individual freedom was attainable only by God and that humans had boundaries which could not be surpassed, however, those boundaries can be pushed and extended by gaining knowledge of yourself and your place in nature. According to Spinoza God was not a physical being, but rather an essence that forever surrounds and controls everything in life. God unites mind and matter and is actually nature in itself. Spinoza said that there are two orders of life: the temporal order which is the world of material things and the spiritual order which is the world of laws relating to nature. We will write a custom essay on Spinozas Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Spinoza believed that the greatest good is the knowledge of the union which the mind has with nature and that all matter consists of one substance which is inseparable with God. He believed that knowledge is based on freedom plus power. Spinozas ethical beliefs are based on the principle that all people have equal worth. He believed that a virtuous person is a loving person and that love comes in three forms: Agape, Philio, and Eros. Agape is the love of an inferior person to a superior. Philio is brotherly love, or love of equal beings. Eros is base or sexual love.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essays

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essays The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essay The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essay The definition of crime is breaking the laws set by the State and the general agreement of people is that if someone commits a crime they should be punished in some way. Punishment practices are ancient; we accept them without question. However, punishment requires justification, as it is an infliction of pain upon an individual. What is the justification of punishment? What are its aims? Before the aims of punishment can be discussed why people commit crimes should be examined to further understand how we should punish. Some people believe that all human actions are caused by factors outside human control, these people are hard determinists. John Locke, a philosopher, believed moral choice was an illusion. He gave the example of a man sleeping in a locked room, man wakes and decides to stay in the room, he thinks he has a free choice to do so but he does not know it is locked. His ignorance makes him believe he has a choice. This relates to punishment and punishment must presuppose moral blame. No person can be held morally blameworthy if they have no freedom of choice. This suggests punishment is irrelevant as no one can be held responsible for his or her actions. Clarence Darrow, a US attorney who was also a determinist argued just that point. In 1924 two youths kidnapped and murdered a 14 year old boy, Darrow pleaded for mercy on the grounds that it was the boys environment that was the cause of their crime. Darrow was successful in his argument; the boys were saved from death. Darrow was not suggesting that the criminals shouldnt be punished as one aim of punishment is to protect society, but he questioned the common assumption that criminals are morally responsible for what they do. Libertarians do not reject determinism completely but they do deny the principle of universal causation, which states that human actions can be predicted. They distinguish between personality and moral self. A person may be pre-disposed to steal because of their personality but their moral self may stop them from doing so. So Libertarians would see the aim of punishment to penalise criminals as they can be held morally accountable for their actions. John Stewart Mill states that we use the past as an excuse for ones actions as we fear the responsibility of freedom, but the past does influence our actions. One aim of punishment is as a deterrent and this is stated in the utilitarian theory. This looks at the consequences of punishment and decides if the punishment is right or wrong by the principle of utility, which is if it does or does not increase the sum total of human happiness. A famous Utilitarian Bentham said punishment involves pain so it is an evil, however it is justifiable if the increase in pain for the criminal leads to the prevention of crime therefore an increase in societys happiness. He saw punishment as an instrument for good with a deterrent effect. The infliction of pain is motive not to re-offend. it also includes the final incapacitation, imprisonment or death. Punishment also protects society by making it physically impossible to re-offend. Another approach to punishment is the Deontological theory. In this theory the aim of punishment is retribution. The theory states a punishment should fit a crime, that it is unjust to impose a sentence on a criminal which they didnt deserve, for example if a few drivers who parked illegally were hung others would be deterred but this would be unjust. This theory believes that there is a moral imbalance caused by crime which must be corrected by punishment and it concentrates on the criminal rather than the victim. The retributive theory is similar to the Old Testament views on punishment, e. g. an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. The idea being that the criminal must repay society that an injustice would be done if someone could inflict pain without having it inflicted upon him. Here retribution links in with the utilitarian theory as retribution also has a deterrent effect. If you know that chopping off a mans hand leads to you losing your hand, then you would think twice about doing it. The idea of retribution is appealing to the general public, for example hanging a Nazi war criminal forty years after his crime had been committed. No victims would be brought back to life, but it would be seen that he had paid for his crimes with his life. Cant, a German philosopher, believed executions were necessary unless society decided to forget all about injustice, unless murderers are executed people would behave like justice didnt matter. R. S. Downie was also an advocate of the retributive theory. He said that this theory is often seen as barbarism but provides a safeguard against the inhumane sacrifice of the individual for the social good. Brunner sees the theory of punishment also in Biblical terms. He sees punishment as achieving a moral balance similar thinking as the atonement of our sins. Brunner believed the penal system is flawed and the guilty should make expiation for their offences. De Wolf was also a Christian thinker and in his work Crime and Justice in America he attempted to show a Christian perspective on the Criminal Justice System. He listed a set of ethical norms of criminal justice by which our system should be evaluated. Consistence and coherence with realities. Benevolent good will and respect towards all person. Equal rights for all persons. Presumption of innocence. Special care to protect poor, weak and unpopular from unfair treatment. Restoration of community and responsibility of all individuals to the community. An opposing view on the aims of punishment is the idea of rehabilitation and reform. Here the focus is on the criminal, someone who couldnt cope with society due to a weakness. In helping them society will benefit, society should help them overcome their negative tendencies. Society should find a way to change them or reform them to bring them back to Society. Controlling or suppressing criminal tendencies, re-education or psychological treatment can do this. The idea is that the criminal is sick rather than wicked and needs help rather than punishment. It can be seen, as utilitarian in its outlook as it aims to have an improving effect on people, which in turn will benefit Society. In the Bible God punishes to reform the wicked happy indeed is the man who God corrects. In the 19th Century Christians used solitary confinement to achieve rehabilitation. Criminals had time to think about their evil deeds and repent. Prisoners were shut away from each other and cared for by chaplains. The Reformation and Rehabilitation theory disagreed with other ideas of the aims of punishment as they see prisons as a place where criminals enhance their criminal skills. How can you teach someone to be free when they are behind bars? The Reform and Rehabilitation theory believes in alternatives to traditional punishment, for example, probation, parole and community service, the latter even benefits society. An advocate of this theory was Crook. He saw punishment and crime as the responsibility of society. He suggested that everyone is responsible for the actions, but they are influenced by society. He believed it was possible to predict persons actions so therefore society should share in the responsibility for the offenders crime. He saw our legal system as wrong as individuals pay the price at the hands of our system. He believed society must pay the price of correcting these dangerous and destructive situations. John Hospers discussed a compromise view in which he combined retribution and reformation. He was a determinist and as such he saw men as not responsible for their actions, if a man commits murder because he ate a certain combination of foods, for example ham and cheese, we could not hold him morally responsible for his crime as it would be the ham and cheese which made him do it. He believed punishment should meet two conditions, that it should be deserved and that it should do well to someone the victim, the offender, society or all three. To meet the latter he suggested that the penal system shouldnt focus on punishment but treatment. He does not state he is a Christian thinker but his ideas are in line with Christian ideology. The philosopher Moberlys ideas were on a par with Hospers ideas. Moberly produced a theory, which combined elements of the retributive and reform aspects of punishment. He envisaged punishment as a form of ritual or mirror to bring criminals to their senses by representing crudely the moral deterioration, which had already taken place within them. Moberly believed the criminal had inflicted a wound upon society. He thought the penalty inflicted must symbolise and be felt to symbolise a double role of punishment, so imprisonment means the person imprisoned is unsuited to membership of society, however Moberly felt that the punishment in relation to the crime is artificial. He saw serious limitations to the effectiveness of punishment. He believed that there are authorities far too amoral to impose punishment and some criminals are too incorrigible and incapable from benefiting from it. At the other end of the scale he saw a intermediate moral region people who are truly repentant and communities too morally advanced to need punishment. Moberly sees that some criminals may not benefit from punishment but they still need to be taken out of circulation to protect the public. However, Moberly does not think that the people segregated from society should be left to rot in low quality prisons. In conclusion these theories seem to stand up on their own merit at first glance, but on closer inspection it is clear they have their flaws. The utilitarian aim of punishment is as a deterrent; however, it does not always deter people. Prisons are often just universities of crime simply making matters worse. Also the fear of punishment can lead to crime for example someone stealing money to prevent going to jail for not paying a fine. The theory of deterrence can be used to justify punishing the innocent on the grounds that it serves to deter others. The utilitarian idea assumes we have a legal system that will produce good results, but the threat of punishment is not very effective in reducing crime or preventing serious crimes such as murder or rape. The philosopher Hoose believed the deterrent effect does have some effect on crime but that it is far from automatic. He pointed out that when the death penalty was abandoned in Canada the homicide rate went down. The Dentological view that retribution is the aim of punishment also has criticisms as it could be seen as the harshest of all the aims of punishment. Gandhi said that if the retributive theory and eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth was used throughout the world the world would soon be blind and toothless. Christians should see that the retributive theory is wrong as Jesus taught forgiveness and co-operation not retribution only God has righteousness and judgement. Also many people argue that all retribution does is satisfy a primitive and barbarous desire for revenge. In Exodus it states an eye for an eye but how do we determine which punishment fits which crime? How long should the punishment be? This theory has too many unanswerable questions. Karl Menninger believed retribution was immoral and ineffective. He saw it as useless and expensive. He believed in rehabilitation and reform as he saw the criminal as a patient and that crime was a disease that people could be cured of. However, the theory of rehabilitation and reform is not without its critics. C. S. Lewis stated rehabilitation and reform does not really have an effect on people, that it is pointless. Some people are beyond help. Can a man who rapes and kills his family be helped? The theory in question also overlooks social advantages of deterrents. If there were not deterrents then how could psychologists and prison officers cope with the sheer numbers that would need help. As with the retributive theory the question of how long a punishment should be arises. A murderers chance of a repeat offence is low but a thief is much more likely to repeat his offence. Should the thief be given a longer sentence than the murderer? Also recent statistics by the prison reform trust show that probation and community service have not proved more effective than prison in stopping re offending. For example 57% of men and 40% of women discharged from prison in 1987 re offended in two years. The figures for probation and community service were 56% men, 37% women, 55% men, and 41% women re offended. The re-offending rate of prisoners is more than those in community service but not on a large enough scale to make a difference. This theory is supposed to be about reform but the way criminals are cured by mind altering drugs, surgery or brain washing is not reform. It is just creating a brand new person. The criminal loses the right to be him or herself in that case. C. S Lewis also stated his humanitarian theory, that in rehabilitation and reform the criminal becomes the case and not a person subject to rights. I believe that the most feasible of the aims of punishment is that put forward by Moberly and Hospers. Their views of compromise seem to be a very logical aim of punishment. Their ideas do not over punish criminals nor do they leave the victims feeling as if justice has not been served. Moberly also suggests that in some cases punishment may not be necessary. Retributivists however, may advocate punishment is a duty in all circumstances, but surely if in a particular case punishment would probably make matters worse and an alternative action, for example kindness, would improve matters, the morally right course of action would be the latter.

History of Ecuadors San Francisco De Quito

History of Ecuador's San Francisco De Quito The city of San Francisco de Quito (generally simply called Quito) is the capital of Ecuador and the second-largest city in the nation after Guayaquil. It is centrally located on a plateau high in the Andes Mountains. The city has a long and interesting history dating from pre-Colombian times to the present. Pre-Colombian Quito Quito occupies a temperate, fertile plateau high (9,300 feet/2,800 meters above sea level) in the Andes Mountains. It has a good climate and has been occupied by people for a long time. The first settlers were the Quitu people: they were eventually subjugated by the Caras culture. Sometime in the fifteenth century, the city and region were conquered by the mighty Inca Empire, based out of Cuzco to the south. Quito prospered under the Inca and soon became the second most important city in the Empire. The Inca Civil War Quito was plunged into civil war sometime around 1526. Inca ruler Huayna Capac died (possibly of smallpox) and two of his many sons, Atahualpa and Huscar, began to fight over his empire. Atahualpa had the support of Quito, whereas Huscars power base was in Cuzco. More importantly for Atahualpa, he had the support of three powerful Inca generals: Quisquis, Chalcuchima, and Rumià ±ahui. Atahualpa prevailed in 1532 after his forces routed Huscars at the gates of Cuzco. Huscar was captured and would later be executed on Atahualpas orders. The Conquest of Quito In 1532 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro arrived and took Atahualpa captive. Atahualpa was executed in 1533, which turned as-yet unconquered Quito against the Spanish invaders, as Atahualpa was still much beloved there. Two different expeditions of conquest converged on Quito in 1534, led by Pedro de Alvarado and Sebastin de Benalczar respectively. The people of Quito were tough warriors and fought the Spanish every step of the way, most notably at the Battle of Teocajas. Benalczar arrived first only to find that Quito had been razed by general Rumià ±ahui to spite the Spanish. Benalczar was one of 204 Spaniards to formally establish Quito as a Spanish city on December 6, 1534, a date which is still celebrated in Quito. Quito During the Colonial Era Quito prospered during the colonial era. Several religious orders including the Franciscans, Jesuits, and Augustinians arrived and built elaborate churches and convents. The city became a center for Spanish colonial administration. In 1563 it became a Real Audiencia under the supervision of the Spanish Viceroy in Lima: this meant that there were judges in Quito who could rule on legal proceedings. Later, administration of Quito would pass to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in present-day Colombia. The Quito School of Art During the Colonial era, Quito became know for the high-quality religious art produced by the artists who lived there. Under the tutelage of Franciscan Jodoco Ricke, the Quitan students began producing high-quality works of art and sculpture in the 1550’s: the â€Å"Quito School of Art† would eventually acquire very specific and unique characteristics. Quito art is characterized by syncretism: that is, a mixture of Christian and native themes. Some paintings feature Christian figures in Andean scenery or following local traditions: a famous painting in Quito’s cathedral features Jesus and his disciples eating guinea pig (a traditional Andean food) at the last supper. The August 10 Movement In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain, captured the King and put his own brother on the throne. Spain was thrown into turmoil: a competing Spanish government was set up and the country was at war with itself. Upon hearing the news, a group of concerned citizens in Quito staged a rebellion on August 10, 1809: they took control of the city and informed the Spanish colonial officials that they would rule Quito independently until such a time as the King of Spain were restored. The Viceroy in Peru responded by sending an army to quash the rebellion: the August 10 conspirators were thrown in a dungeon. On August 2, 1810, the people of Quito tried to break them out: the Spanish repelled the attack and massacred the conspirators in custody. This gruesome episode would help keep Quito mostly on the sidelines of the struggle for independence in northern South America. Quito was finally liberated from the Spanish on May 24, 1822, at the Battle of Pichincha: among the heroes of the battle were Field Marshal Antonio Josà © de Sucre and local heroine Manuela Senz. The Republican Era After independence, Ecuador was at first part of the Republic of Gran Colombia: the republic fell apart in 1830 and Ecuador became an independent nation under first President Juan Josà © Flores. Quito continued to flourish, although it remained a relatively small, sleepy provincial town. The greatest conflicts of the time were between liberals and conservatives. In a nutshell, conservatives preferred a strong central government, limited voting rights (only wealthy men of European descent) and a strong connection between church and state. Liberals were just the opposite: they preferred stronger regional governments, universal (or at least expanded) suffrage and no connection whatsoever between church and state. This conflict often turned bloody: conservative president Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno (1875) and liberal ex-president Eloy Alfaro (1912) were both assassinated in Quito. The Modern Era of Quito Quito has continued to slowly grow and has evolved from a tranquil provincial capital to a modern metropolis. It has experienced occasional unrest, such as during the turbulent presidencies of Josà © Marà ­a Velasco Ibarra (five administrations between 1934 and 1972). In recent years, the people of Quito have occasionally taken to the streets to successfully oust unpopular presidents such as Abdal Bucaram (1997) Jamil Mahuad (2000) and Là ºcio Gutià ©rrez (2005). These protests were peaceful for the most part and Quito, unlike many other Latin American cities, has not seen violent civil unrest in some time. Quito’s Historic Center Perhaps because it spent so many centuries as a quiet provincial town, Quitos old colonial center is particularly well-preserved. It was one of UNESCOS first World Heritage sites in 1978. Colonial churches stand side-by-side with elegant Republican homes on airy squares. Quito has invested a great deal recently in restoring what locals call el centro historico and the results are impressive. Elegant theatres such as the Teatro Sucre and Teatro Mà ©xico are open and show concerts, plays and even the occasional opera. A special squad of tourism police is detailed to the old town and tours of old Quito are becoming very popular. Restaurants and hotels are flourishing in the historic city center. Sources: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Various Authors. Historia del Ecuador. Barcelona: Lexus Editores, S.A. 2010

Pharmco National Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmco National - Essay Example What is effective and evident practice of one manager does not necessarily mean appropriateness to other managers as well. Sharing of knowledge as one context in the system does not get an absolute support from the employees, considering the fact that it is one investment that they nurture through years of experience and they are not set of giving it. Doubts relating to threats in position exist among managers that impede them to be one in meeting the intranet prospects. Likely, each function performs in a world different from the others and concentrates on meeting the objectives of their particular area only. Knowledge capturing by intranet system differs from person to person interaction in conceptualization of information. Knowledge barrier is evident in all concerned functions, particularly among Marketing and Sales role that speak their own language in performing their respective responsibility. The Intranet system does not bridge the differences of each area and utilization of knowledge for use by others. There is absence of common contextualization of the knowledge management system that makes it difficult to acquire participation of involved personnel. 1. The project fails to account the details of the nature of responsibility of involved function.

The Phylogeny of Hominids from the Australopithecus up to the Homo Research Paper

The Phylogeny of Hominids from the Australopithecus up to the Homo - Research Paper Example These reductions in molar size have led to the present man having small molars. According to the researchers, they make the conclusion that the changes are in line with the starting of fire use and eating cooked food instead of raw food (Organ, Nunn, Machanda and Wrangham 14559). The article findings and explanations are in line with the discussions made by Stanford in his book Exploring biological anthropology: the essentials where the discussion on hominids is based mainly on their anatomical changes and their significance during that time in the phylogeny of the hominids from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. Stanford specifically discusses the anatomical changes and how the body bipedal plans of the earlier hominids are how they were adapted to the environment (Stanford, Allen and Anton 239). The same discussion is made later on in the book but this time the focus is on the genus Homo (Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens) and how they were more evolved towards be coming more like the present humans (Stanford, Allen and Anton 277). Even though both chapters discuss different hominids, the anatomical changes according to the period in history and the environment all add up and present a detailed and flowing phylogeny of these hominids. The same discussion about anatomical structures of the various hominids and how each structure of the body acted to facilitate the survival of the different hominids are made in the book by Bailey and Hublin. The book has detailed explanations of the different body structures which give more details and more structures compared to the article discussion and the book by Stanford. However, they all finally discuss the same issue and give the same enlightening  discussion. There are also explanations of the effects of the different changes that took place in the body structures of the hominids and the effects of that to not only the hominids but also to the present human being.  

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh Essay -- Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh In this paper, I seek to explore the identities and relationships between Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the epic poem of Gilgamesh, up through Enkidu’s death. I will explore the gender identity of each independently and then in relation to each other, and how their gender identity influences that relationship. I will also explore other aspects of their identity and how they came to their identities as well, through theories such as social conditioning. I will investigate the possibility that Gilgamesh and Enkidu enjoy a homosexual relationship, since modern times allow such investigations which only 20 years ago were considered extemporaneous to ancient texts by traditions western conventions. Conversely, I will also consider the possibility of a heterosexual male-male relationship in the terms of Platonic love. In addition to this, I will touch briefly at times on the unique relationship each has to a world that is caught up in a change from nature and natural things to what we cal l a civilized life, or an urban life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the epic poem Gilgamesh, the main character Gilgamesh is conveyed as a generally immoral human, his genesis mythically coming from the gods. â€Å"Two thirds they made him god and one third man.† (19, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh†). He also is said to have a perfect body, which is a trait of godliness in many ancient cultures. â€Å"When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body.† (18, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh). Here again it is obvious that the myth says Gilgamesh is from the same stuff as the gods. He is known for taking whatever he desires â€Å"His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warriors daughter or the wife’s noble.† (19, Norton; â€Å"Gilgamesh†). He has the arrogance and audacity to simply take anything that he considers in his kingdom. Clearly, at least early on in the story, the actions of Gilgamesh mirror that of his mythical genealogy from the gods, who live by a dif ferent moral code than that of civilized humans. At the same time however, Gilgamesh is certainly portrayed in the story as magnificent and capable of incredible things, such as the building of the walls and Rampart in Uruk. â€Å"Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it, I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the masonry: is it not burnt brick and good?† (19, Norton; Gilgamesh). So at the ... ...ith the fact that it seems death simply can not be escaped. This helps to change Gilgamesh a great deal, and in fact it is after this that Gilgamesh begins to change his way and is truly a â€Å"shepherd of the people.† In the end, Gilgamesh veils Enkidu like a woman (35, Norton: â€Å"Gilgamesh†). In fact, the text describes this as being veiled like a bride in this translation. So once again, even in death, it seems that Enkidu and Gilgamesh have moved to a very close and personal relationship with each other, which is certainly Platonic in nature, and even possibly sexually oriented in some way or another. In the end, it is unavoidable that in some way each is affected by the other, either to serve or remember the other and to be the fulfillment of each other. Works Cited Uknown Author. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† In The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Western Tradition, Seventh Edition, Volume 1. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1999. 18-35. Doty, William G. Myths of Masculinity. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1993. 73-78. Sayers, Janet. Sexual Contradictions. New York: Tavistock Publications Ltd., 1986. 23-34.

How Useful Are Sources A to C To Explain Why The United States Became Involved In The War In Vietnam?

Sources A-C gives us some insight into why the USA fought and got involved in Vietnam and reveals a number of reasons about Vietnam. I shall be reviewing each source from which I have stated above. Sources A, B and C. Source A is a primary public speech made by President Johnson (Lyndon Baines Johnson) in April 1965 just one month after the start of ‘Operation Rolling Thunder' helping to stop communism according to the provenance. In the speech Johnson is stating in the source, I quote â€Å"We fight in Vietnam because we have a promise to keep†. By this statement indeed Johnson did want his opinions to be heard and notified by his fellow American citizens, so they shall believe every word that comes out of Johnson's mouth. This was due to a promise being made by President Eisenhower when he was elected president in the year of 1953. Lyndon Johnson wishes all the Americans to trust in what he is saying to be 100% truthful and is trying to carry on regarding the promise made by Eisenhower and earn everyone's respect. The ‘Truman Doctrine' was also mentioned about. This is a list of every American President who had been elected in year 1948 to agree with a various amount of promises which they written then had to sign. Truman Doctrine was a promise they were fighting for â€Å"promised to help when there are any threats of communism†. So Johnson decided he wanted to do the same thing, so he signed and agreed once president. In the year of 1954, President Eisenhower and JFK started transporting â€Å"advisers† as the first president Kennedy would have wanted. From the tone of Johnson's words in the speech, you can tell he jus maybe talking in a religious manner and might even be a religious person within the speech. President Lyndon Johnson wants to reassure every single American citizen about the â€Å"Domino Theory†. This was a theory of a mid-20th century foreign policy theory. The title ‘Domino' is given to this theory because it can end up like a stack of dominos. This is because if you let one country fall to communism then each over country around that county would then soon follow falling one to another and become communism itself and Johnson was petrified of this happening. Lyndon Johnson is trying to make everyone go and fight in the Vietnam War. As most of the American citizens believed this is what would eventually happen if just one country did fall to communism and it's why Johnson is trying to justify himself. In the year of 1945 nearly all of all the American leaders all offered to help and give their own support of the Vietnam War. President Eisenhower was a well respected and great general of the war. There was one thing which was expected to be achieved or aimed said by President Johnson in the speech, I quote â€Å"the independence of the South and the freedom of the people of South Vietnam to guide their own country in their own way'. The Americans also think that they're available to strengthen â€Å"world order† because the U.S.A as democratic wanting to stop communism. Although there were two countries that relied on the Americans if they were at any point attacked which were ‘Thailand' and ‘Berlin'. If Vietnam was left to fight for itself, then it would increasingly look terrible on some of the promises which the Americans agreed with, due to American's believing it was their duty and their own right to fight for Vietnam. Johnson implied, I quote â€Å"to leave Vietnam to its fate would shake the value of an American commitment and in the value of America's word. The result would be instability and unrest, and even wider war†. I could say this source is being very biased, due to because Johnson is only giving his own opinion on what the American citizens want to hear, whilst he is keeping his real thoughts inside and not expressing his personal opinions. The source can be seen quite useful, but has limitations, as I have stated, it's a public speech where Johnson isn't really voicing his truths about what he thinks of Vietnam. To look at Johnson's person views, then I can begin to study source B. Source B is a private primary speech made by President Johnson in May 1964 according to the provenance. At this point in time, Lyndon Baines Johnson was only just elected president. With Johnson being V.P. (Vice President) he knew a lot regarding Vietnam and knew how everything worked. Lyndon Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President in the years from and to 1963-1965. Johnson was one of the major leaders of the ‘Democratic Party'. Also Lyndon Johnson was the one who were in charge of creating the â€Å"Great Society†. President Lyndon Baines in this private speech is discussing a number of things which includes criticizing most of his very own American citizens. I quote â€Å"I don't think the people of our country know much about Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less†. From Johnson stating these words, he is blatantly calling most of the American citizens dumb, thick and lack of knowledge about the Vietnam. With Johnson saying this, he has a very low profile on the American citizens and implies that the U.S.A cannot win the war. In public no-one would use the word â€Å"hell† like Johnson did in the speech, due to it being a southern religious Texan society which always stayed faithful and don't appreciate foul language such as swearing. Speaking in Private Johnson doesn't care what he is implying and doesn't have to bite his tongue to try and stop himself from voicing his very own opinions like he does when speaking out in public. As Johnson knows that none of the American citizens shall hear what he really thinks about them. In this source President Johnson is really voicing his opinions. You know this by Johnson saying, I quote â€Å"I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles away from home, I don't think it's worth fighting for. What the hell is Vietnam worth to me?† Johnson is agreeing that the U.S.A need to stand up to communism, as Johnson is terrified of communism. Although, he is trying to get his personal views across which is stating Vietnam is not worth anything at all. It's like Lyndon Johnson isn't really concerned and couldn't care less about his people and about the Vietnam War. It's showing us that Johnson is scared and has fears of communism taking over the world as states and that the political consideration â€Å"Let's move on, let's go into the North† are just being selfish. We have to be very suspicious within this speech, as it hasn't been edited or tampered with and indeed if it's all whole trustworthy. Possibly was it taped? As it has been to believed that since President Johnson been president in the white house his office was monitored by everything that had been said by recorders. But is this really reliable and exactly what U.S.A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson really said? As I have stated before it can be edited in various ways making things sound different from what has actually been said, which could make this source a limitation. Source C is a secondary speech of a modern writer interview with Professor Noam Chomsky, an American critic of the war in October 1982 according to the provenance underneath the extract. The interview is talking about political reasons of the U.S.A and how they went to war which was to dominate Vietnam. Also to discontinue South Vietnam from independence and indeed there was an attack on South Vietnam from the U.S.A. Professor Noam Chomsky says, I quote, â€Å"The U.S. did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America. It feared that South Vietnam might be able to reform and improve itself – develop it's economy- and that might work†. Chomsky is being biased due to him being an anti-American, and is therefore being biased towards the American country. To sum up the conclusion of sources A-C all have value and limitations. In my view source B is most useful as it's a private speech where Johnson is criticizing most of his own American citizens by using negative comments and is saying what he really thinks about Vietnam along with the citizens plus America. Once this private speech with Johnson's personal opinions and views about Vietnam, the tape was then exposed to everyone. Therefore source B is definitely the most useful out of them all.

The impact of financial crisis on certificate of deposit - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2374 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A certificate of Deposit or CD is a time deposit, a financial product equally offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions. CDs are similar to savings accounts in that they are insured and thus virtually risk-free; they are money in the bank. They are different from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term and, usually, a fixed interest rate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The impact of financial crisis on certificate of deposit" essay for you Create order It is intended that the CD be held until maturity, at which time the money may be withdrawn together with the accrued interest. In exchange for keeping the money on deposit for the agreed-on term, institutions usually grant higher interest rates than they do on accounts from which money may be withdrawn on demand, although this may not be the case in an inverted yield curve situation. Fixed rates are common, but some institutions offer CDs with various forms of variable rates. For example, in mid-2004, interest rates were expected to rise, many banks and credit unions began to offer CDs with a bump-up feature. These allow for a single readjustment of the interest rate, at a time of the consumers choosing, during the term of the CD. Sometimes, CDs that are indexed to the stock market, the bond market, or other indices are introduced. How does CDs work? CDs typically require a minimum deposit, and may offer higher rates for larger deposits. In the US, the best rates are generally offered on Jumbo CDs with minimum deposits of $100,000. However there are also institutions that do the opposite and offer lower rates for their Jumbo CDs. The consumer who opens a CD may receive a passbook or paper certificate, it now is common for a CD to consist simply of a book entry and an item shown in the consumers periodic bank statements; that is, there is usually no certificate as such. Interest Payout At most institutions, the CD purchaser can arrange to have the interest periodically mailed as a check or transferred into a checking or savings account. This reduces total yield because there is no compounding. Some institutions allow the customer to select this option only at the time the CD is opened. 2. Closing a CD Withdrawals before maturity are usually subject to a substantial penalty. For a five-year CD, this is often the loss of six months interest. These penalties ensure that it is generally not in a holders best interest to withdraw the money before maturity-unless the holder has another investment with significantly higher return or has a serious need for the money. Commonly, institutions mail a notice to the CD holder shortly before the CD matures requesting directions. The notice usually offers the choice of withdrawing the principal and accumulated interest or rolling it over (depositing it into a new CD). Generally, a window is allowed after maturity where the CD holder can cash in the CD without penalty. In the absence of such directions, it is common for the institution to roll over the CD automatically, once again tying up the money for a period of time (though the CD holder may be able to specify at the time the CD is opened not to roll over the CD). 3. CD refinance In the U.S. insured CDs are required by the Truth in Savings Regulation DD to state at the time of account opening the penalty for early withdrawal. These penalties cannot be revised by the depository prior to maturity. The penalty for early withdrawal is the deterrent to allowing depositors to take advantage of subsequent enhanced investment opportunities during the term of the CD. In rising interest rate environments the penalty may be insufficient to discourage depositors from redeeming their deposit and reinvesting the proceeds after paying the applicable early withdrawal penalty. The added interest from the new higher yielding CD may more than offset the cost of the early withdrawal penalty. 4. Deposit insurance In the US, the amount of insurance coverage varies depending on how accounts for an individual or family are structured at the institution. The level of insurance is governed by complex FDIC and NCUA rules, available in FDIC and NCUA booklets or online. The standard insurance coverage is currently $250,000 per owner or depositor for single accounts or $250,000 per co-owner for joint accounts until December 31, 2013. On January 1, 2014, the standard coverage limit will return to $100,000 per depositor for all accounts except for certain retirement accounts, which will remain at $250,000 per depositor. Some institutions use a private insurance company instead of, or in addition to, the Federally backed FDIC or NCUA deposit insurance. Institutions often stop using private supplemental insurance when they find that few customers have a high enough balance level to justify the additional cost. Impact The CDs combine features of equity and debt. The terms of the CDs differ from those of conventional bank deposits in that, while we may pay a Coupon Payment, we will not pay regular periodic interest on the CDs and a significant portion of your total payment at maturity may be based on the performance of the Index. If the Ending Index Level does not exceed, or in certain cases, equal, the Starting Index Level at maturity you will receive (in addition to a Coupon Payment, if applicable) only $1,000 (plus the Minimum Return, if any) for each $1,000 CD, unless otherwise specified in the relevant term sheet. Therefore, the return on your investment in the CDs may be less than the amount that would be paid on an ordinary bank deposit. The return at maturity of only the principal amount of each CD (plus the Minimum Return, if any) will not compensate you for any loss in value due to inflation and other factors relating to the value of money over time. When the financial crisis is comi ng. The CDS will have a lot of problems. Such as credit risk. For exam if Your investment in the CDs will involve certain risks. The CDs may not pay interest or guarantee any return of principal prior to maturity unless otherwise specified in the relevant term sheet. Investing in the CDs is not equivalent to investing directly in the Index or any of the component currencies of the Index. In addition, your investment in the CDs entails other risks not associated with an investment in conventional bank deposits. You should consider carefully the following discussion of risks bef ore you decide that an investment in the CDs is suitable for you. The impact of financial crisis on bankers acceptence What is the bankers acceptence? A bankers acceptance, or BA, is a negotiable instrument or time draft drawn on and accepted by a bank. Before acceptance, the draft is not an obligation of the bank; it is merely an order by the drawer to the bank to pay a specified sum of money on a specified date to a named person or to the bearer of the draft. Upon acceptance, which occurs when an authorized bank accepts and signs it, the draft becomes a primary and unconditional liability of the bank. If the bank is well known and enjoys a good reputation, the accepted draft may be readily sold in an active market. A bankers acceptance is also a money market instrument a short-term discount instrument that usually arises in the course of international trade. A bankers acceptance starts as an order to a bank by a banks customer to pay a sum of money at a future date, typically within six months. At this stage, it is like a postdated check. When the bank endorses the order for payment as accepted, it assumes responsibility fo r ultimate payment to the holder of the acceptance. At this point, the acceptance may be traded in secondary markets much like any other claim on the bank. Bankers acceptances are considered very safe assets, as they allow traders to substitute the banks credit standing for their own. They are used widely in international trade where the creditworthiness of one trader is unknown to the trading partner. Acceptances sell at a discount from face value of the payment order, just as US Treasury bills are issued and trade at a discount from par value. Bankers acceptances trade at a spread over T-bills. The rates at which they trade are called bankers acceptance rates. The Fed publishes BA rates in its weekly H.15 bulletin. Those rates are a standard index used as an underlier in various interest rate swaps and other derivatives. Acceptances arise most often in connection with international trade. For example, an American importer may request acceptance financing from its bank when, as is frequently the case in international trade, it does not have a close relationship with and cannot obtain financing from the exporter it is dealing with. Once the importer and bank have completed an acceptance agreement, in which the bank agrees to accept drafts for the importer and the importer agrees to repay any drafts the bank accepts, the importer draws a time draft on the bank. The bank accepts the draft and discounts it; that is, it gives the importer cash for the draft but gives it an amount less than the face value of the draft. The importer uses the proceeds to pay the exporter. Impact By financial crisis is coming. There is a lot of impacts on money market. Such as the impact of financial crisis on bankers acceptence. Bankers acceptance means that if you invest or save the money into the bank, maybe after the 3 years you wanna to withdraw your investment. Before that you have the contract between you and the bank. But nowadays the financial crisis is broke out, so the bank can not give the interest to you or bank will decrease the interest rate that will course the credit crisis, because of the financial crisis. At that time the bank also sell a lot of coupon bond, due to the financial crisis. The buyer can not afford the value of bond to the bank therefore course the credit crisis which the bank can not fulfill their promise to the customer. Massive reduction and liquid problems of credit raiting in banks (for the first time in (Northern Rock) in April and May 2007 and since 2005, the range of problems such as the results of slump in real estate, influence on d evaluation bank assets and manifestation of bankruptive effect on a number of banks have reached crisis point by September 2008. Financial sector was considerably damaged by unprecedented growth of prices that significantly declined after eliciting financial crisis and credit restriction. In the structure of consumption, forced high cost made a negative influence on the broad masses of populations savings and accordingly on the size of investments, also it caused the rise of cost price. therefore, demands decreased because of two factors. (second one wich was partially formed by the influence of the first one is connected to the reduction of corporations winning and the slump on their bonds). In 2007 for the purpose of reduction in the price of oil, concrete non-co-ordination experiment by the central banks of separate countries, in the usage of money credit regulation in currency rates, considering taxation balance sheet. On the background of multidimensional, different priorities and difficulties, the problems were mostly revealed in the difference of interest rates. The rise in oil price, must have firstly been reflected in the USA $ purchasing capacity, but in a number of countries, all over the world, oil import (reflected on money) when in deals, it is invested in USA $, it raised the demands on USA $ currency and conditioned the devaluation on Japanese yen, euro and pound sterling. For the beginning of reduction in oil price, financial crisis had already been from the USA, withal president election in the USA created an atmosphere for the better future changing. Currently, the countries all over the world, cut main interest rates and accordingly the difference among them is decreasing. It can be explained by the following conditiones: mortgage credits were provided with the flats on sale and accordingly their market price defines the existence of possible losses or their size of credits in the case of default by debtors, until the term expires or bef ore default, suitable credit letter or security, steadied by it, as the cost of assets. Creditors interest, connected with the price growth of real estate is against the debtor and that is the most essential during the period of mortgage, price growing in funds flow increases the share of expenses: Debtors funds flow is the most important component of its solvency. Undisturbed up growth of price on real estate, accordingly a great number of debtors and reinforcement of competition among credit organizations: motivation of cutting down the expenses of debtors credit analysis by banks, conditioned mortgaging credit insurance to be accented and in fact, this priority made debtors credit analysis into a minor importance question. Though it must be the first and uppermost source of covering the loans and according to the request of prudential law, mortgage as a means of covering loans must be used only in the extreme situations. Yet, this request is followed by banks, still, the importan t is not only loan repayment by debtors, instead of the results of credit analysis (especially, according to the corresponding funds-flow) but dependence on insurance while taking decision about credit, means that the possibilities of default indices are quite high. Rising by 2-3% in the real sector of economy, in the conditions of property differentiation growth, for the part of such outnumbered debtors credit covering has turned out impossible. The flats, had been moved in the property of banks, still returned back to the real estate markets. Because of increased deliveries and frequent defaults, the limit on distribution the mortgage credits, caused disastrous slump in real estate property prices. On its side it ment the decline in the maintenance of mortgage credits. Tendency of slump and deterioration of assets quality, that also conditioned the aggravation of liquidity problem, (during this period, reduction of credit rating, quite scared the investors and hedge funds) made th e banks minimize the new credit delivering process. Real estate delivery, was mostly realized by using the mortgage credits and without this, the recession of building sector has not been delayed. Conclusions on credit markets.